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| Previous Nomenclature | None |
| Description | Distinct rod and ring structures in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Some smaller rods and rings also reported in the nucleus [1]. Because these structures are considered filaments primarily composed of inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2), the current literature in cell biology is beginning to use the term IMPDH filaments or cytoophidia to describe them [1] |
| Antigen Association | IMPDH2 |
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Clinical Relevance
First level information About Clinical Relevance & List of Abbreviations |
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▶ Most commonly found in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients who had been treated with pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin combination therapy, especially in patients refractory to treatment. Autoantibodies revealing the AC-23 patterns were undetected prior to treatment [1-5]. ▶ Specific immunoassays to detect autoantibodies directed to specific Rods and Rings antigens, for instance IMPDH2, are not commercially available. Note: Presence of the AC-23 pattern depends on the manufacturer of the HEp-2 cell substrate. |
| First level information references |
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| Second level information |
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▶ As the use of interferon-α/ribavirin in HCV treatment is decreasing, the frequency and clinical associations of the AC-23 pattern may change. |
| Second level information references |
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1. Calise SJ, Chan EKL. Anti-rods/rings autoantibody and IMPDH filaments: an update after fifteen years of discovery. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102643. 2. Covini G, Carcamo WC, Bredi E, von Muhlen CA, Colombo M, Chan EKL. Cytoplasmic rods and rings autoantibodies developed during pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther. 2012;17:805-11. 3. Calise SJ, Keppeke GD, Andrade LE, Chan EKL. Anti-rods/rings: a human model of drug-induced autoantibody generation. Front Immunol. 2015;6:41. 4. Novembrino C, Aghemo A, Ferraris Fusarini C, Maiavacca R, Matinato C, Lunghi G, Torresani E, Ronchi M, et al. Interferon-ribavirin therapy induces serum antibodies determining 'rods and rings' pattern in hepatitis C patients. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21:944-9. 5. Keppeke GD, Calise SJ, Chan EKL, Andrade LE. Anti-rods/rings autoantibody generation in hepatitis C patients during interferon-alpha/ribavirin therapy. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:1966-74. |
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